Journal of Clinical Medicine

Background/Objectives: Macular Telangiectasia Type 2 (MacTel type 2) is a rare, progressive retinal disease that can lead to central vision loss. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) plays a crucial role in the early diagnosis, monitoring, and prognostic assessment of this condition. This narrative review aims to summarize the clinical features, OCT findings, and current management strategies for MacTel type 2. Methods: A literature search of PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar was performed for articles published from October 1993 to September 2025 using keywords related to MacTel type 2, OCT, clinical features, and treatment. All relevant clinical studies, including observational studies, clinical trials, and case series, were considered. The literature was screened independently by two authors, and a total of 69 articles were included. Results: Characteristic OCT findings include foveal cavitation, hyperreflective middle retinal layers, inner and outer retinal cavities, ellipsoid zone disruption, and retinal pigment clumps. Central macular thickness is consistently reduced, and structural biomarkers identified on OCT correlate with visual acuity decline. Treatment strategies vary by disease stage: non-proliferative MacTel type 2 currently has no universally effective therapy, although neuroprotective interventions such as ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) show promising results. Proliferative MacTel type 2 is primarily managed with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy (anti-VEGF), demonstrating functional and anatomical improvements. Conclusions: OCT provides essential structural evaluation for monitoring MacTel type 2, while treatment approaches remain stage-dependent. Emerging therapies, including CNTF implants and novel anti-VEGF agents, hold potential for improving outcomes.

Background: Silicone chin implants have been widely used is plastic and esthetic surgery of the face being considered as safe and efficient way for chin augmentation. However, complications such as bone resorption, displacement or ectopic bone formation may occur. Methods: The objective of this study was to evaluate complications associated with silicone chin implants and revision surgery protocols. Results: Among 98 patients who received silicone chin implants, 24 (11 males, 13 females) exhibited complications. The most commonly diagnosed issues were displacement (n = 3), bone resorption (n = 9), both conditions (n = 3), and patient dissatisfaction (n = 7). All patients were qualified for revision surgery, which included silicone implant removal followed by sliding genioplasty (n = 7), orthognathic surgery (n = 4), custom-made chin implant placement (n = 7), and repositioning and fixation (n = 1). After revision surgery, no complications occurred. Conclusions: Observations from this revision cohort suggest that careful patient selection and consideration of orthognathic or customized implant-based approaches may reduce the risk of dissatisfaction and revision surgery in patients with dentofacial deformities, or those seeking gender confirmation surgeries, compared to stock silicone implants.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, distinguished by pronounced clinical heterogeneity and a frequent dissociation between metabolic risk factors and the degree of hepatic injury. These observations, together with the limited contribution of genetic heritability, have prompted a re-evaluation of the traditional conceptual framework of the disease. In this context, the question has emerged as to whether MASLD could be, at least in part, a transmissible condition. While there is no evidence to suggest that MASLD is contagious in humans, as no data support person-to-person transmission, gnotobiotic animal studies demonstrate that human gut microbiota can transfer susceptibility to steatosis, inflammation, and systemic metabolic disturbances through immunometabolic mechanisms, independent of host genetics. In parallel, human studies involving microbiota-targeted interventions support the concept that the gut ecosystem is a modifiable determinant of metabolic and hepatic phenotypes. Crucially, these findings do not imply natural transmission of disease, but rather underscore the functional plasticity of microbiota-host interactions. This narrative review integrates epidemiological, experimental, and clinical data to explore the hypothesis that MASLD may be functionally transmissible. MASLD is increasingly recognized as an eco-biological disease, where liver disease risk is not only shaped by host genetics and environment, but also by the ecological configuration and functional outputs of the gut microbiome. This perspective redefines disease susceptibility as, in part, context-dependent and microbiota-mediated, without implying infectiousness in the traditional sense.